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Objective: This study examined the cross-sectional association between phytoestrogens and speed of processing. We hypothesized that higher levels of phytoestrogens would be related to better cognitive performance among older women.
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The cognitive-behavioural model of health anxiety hypothesizes that the degree of health threat experienced by an individual is a function of the perceived: (1) likelihood of illness; (2) awfulness of illness; (3) difficulty copin...
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The cognitive-behavioural model of health anxiety hypothesizes that the degree of health threat experienced by an individual is a function of the perceived: (1) likelihood of illness; (2) awfulness of illness; (3) difficulty coping with illness; and (4) inadequacy of medical services. While research has examined cognitions in health anxiety, it is not known whether these cognitions predict health anxiety in individuals who do or do not report medical conditions and whether these cognitions are uniquely related to health anxiety. After developing the Health Cognitions Questionnaire to assess these specific cognitions, we examined the extent to which the cognitions predicted health anxiety and poor response to reassurance in a healthy community sample (n = 273) and a sample who self-reported various medical conditions (n = 208). Supporting the cognitive-behavioural model, these cognitions predicted health anxiety and poor response to reassurance in both samples, with some differences observed between those who did or did not report medical conditions. The cognitions were uniquely related to health anxiety even after controlling for depression and general anxiety. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed. Overall, the Health Cognitions Questionnaire has potential to facilitate further research on the development, maintenance, and treatment of health anxiety.
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Existing studies that explore the effects of education on health primarily focused on developed countries, and the extent to which education impacts health is still highly debated. This paper studies the causal effects of educatio...
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Existing studies that explore the effects of education on health primarily focused on developed countries, and the extent to which education impacts health is still highly debated. This paper studies the causal effects of education on health in the largest developing country-China. We use 1977 Resuming College Entrance Exam Policy as an IV and find that education has little impact on health in general, while our findings suggest that people with higher education are more likely to be diagnosed with hypertension. We also test some possible mechanisms through which education might affect health, including smoking, drinking, exercise, and cognition. Majorities of these estimations provide no evidence that education would impact health behaviors or cognitive abilities. However, we find that higher-educated men are more likely to drink more and exercise less.
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Background and Objective. Existing research concludes that measures of general numeracy can be used to predict individuals' ability to assess health risks. We posit that the domain in which questions are posed affects the ability ...
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Background and Objective. Existing research concludes that measures of general numeracy can be used to predict individuals' ability to assess health risks. We posit that the domain in which questions are posed affects the ability to perform mathematical tasks, raising the possibility of a separate construct of "health numeracy" that is distinct from general numeracy. The objective was to determine whether older adults' ability to perform simple math depends on domain. Methods. Community-based participants completed 4 math questions posed in 3 different domains: a health domain, a financial domain, and a pure math domain. Participants were 962 individuals aged 55 and older, representative of the community-dwelling US population over age 54. Results. We found that respondents performed significantly worse when questions were posed in the health domain (54% correct) than in either the pure math domain (66% correct) or the financial domain (63% correct). Our experimental measure of numeracy consisted of only 4 questions, and it is possible that the apparent effect of domain is specific to the mathematical tasks that these questions require. Conclusions. These results suggest that health numeracy is strongly related to general numeracy but that the 2 constructs may not be the same. Further research is needed into how different aspects of general numeracy and health numeracy translate into actual medical decisions.
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Decision fatigue is an applicable concept to healthcare psychology. Due to a lack of conceptual clarity, we present a concept analysis of decision fatigue. A search of the term "decision fatigue" was conducted across seven researc...
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Decision fatigue is an applicable concept to healthcare psychology. Due to a lack of conceptual clarity, we present a concept analysis of decision fatigue. A search of the term "decision fatigue" was conducted across seven research databases, which yielded 17 relevant articles. The authors identified three antecedent themes (decisional, self-regulatory, and situational) and three attributional themes (behavioral, cognitive, and physiological) of decision fatigue. However, the extant literature failed to adequately describe consequences of decision fatigue. This concept analysis provides needed conceptual clarity for decision fatigue, a concept possessing relevance to nursing and allied health sciences.
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Decision fatigue is an applicable concept to healthcare psychology. Due to a lack of conceptual clarity, we present a concept analysis of decision fatigue. A search of the term "decision fatigue" was conducted across seven researc...
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Decision fatigue is an applicable concept to healthcare psychology. Due to a lack of conceptual clarity, we present a concept analysis of decision fatigue. A search of the term "decision fatigue" was conducted across seven research databases, which yielded 17 relevant articles. The authors identified three antecedent themes (decisional, self-regulatory, and situational) and three attributional themes (behavioral, cognitive, and physiological) of decision fatigue. However, the extant literature failed to adequately describe consequences of decision fatigue. This concept analysis provides needed conceptual clarity for decision fatigue, a concept possessing relevance to nursing and allied health sciences.
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Three hundred and four participants in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study took a validated IQ-type test at age 11. years and a battery of cognitive tests at age 70. years. Three tests of health literacy were completed at age 72. ...
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Three hundred and four participants in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study took a validated IQ-type test at age 11. years and a battery of cognitive tests at age 70. years. Three tests of health literacy were completed at age 72. years; the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA), and the Newest Vital Sign (NVS). Participants who had a lower childhood IQ exhibited poorer performance on all three tests of health literacy taken in older adulthood. Relative cognitive change from age 11 to 70 and education were also important factors influencing performance on health literacy tasks, independent of childhood cognitive ability. It is important to understand the determinants of low health literacy in order to support individuals in managing their own health.
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Introduction : Caregivers are crucial providers of lifelong care for mentally retarded children due to their specific disability, and their rehabilitation training and living standards are closely related to caregivers’ quality o...
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Introduction : Caregivers are crucial providers of lifelong care for mentally retarded children due to their specific disability, and their rehabilitation training and living standards are closely related to caregivers’ quality of life. Therefore, this study selected S District of Chongqing to conduct a cross-sectional study on the quality of life of caregivers of mentally retarded children. Methodology : The study was conducted at three specialized rehabilitation centers in Chongqing, China, using Basic Information Questionnaire and Generic Quality of Life Inventory-74 for caregivers of mentally retarded children, and the study sample included 112 caregivers of mentally retarded children and 104 normal children’s caregivers. Results : The caregivers of mentally retarded children have higher scores than those of normal children. There are significant differences among them in the quality of life and in material condition caused by family annual income, in material condition caused by home address, in social function caused by father’s occupation, and in material condition and in psychological function caused by father’s education level. Conclusion : The caregivers of mentally retarded children have lower quality of life than those of normal children. Some demographic variables like the annual family income, home address, father’s occupation and father’s education level have effects on caregivers’ quality of life.
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A growing body of literature suggests that oral health can influence cognitive function during aging. However, it is currently unclear whether reduced masticatory efficiency influences cognitive impairment in longitudinal studies....
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A growing body of literature suggests that oral health can influence cognitive function during aging. However, it is currently unclear whether reduced masticatory efficiency influences cognitive impairment in longitudinal studies. This study sought to investigate the effects of reduced chewing ability on the incidence of cognitive impairment using national representative data from 10 years of follow-up in Korea. Among the 10,254 people recruited in 2006 (1st wave), 7568 with normal cognitive function were selected. The participants were followed up every 2 years. The number of participants followed up until the 6th wave was 5020 in 2016. Chewing ability and scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination were recorded using self-reported questionnaires. Risk factors for dementia taken from systematic literature reviews were used as covariates. We performed logistic regression and created general estimating equation models after controlling for all covariates to assess the relationship between chewing ability and cognitive decline. Decreased chewing function was associated with mild cognitive impairment after controlling for confounding variables. The odds ratio for cognitive impairment was about 1.28 times higher than in people with poor chewing function as in those with good chewing function. We identified changes in chewing function from the 1st wave to the 6th wave; the odds ratios were 2.21 (95% confidence interval = 1.90–2.58) in the good-poor group and 2.11 (95% confidence interval = 1.74–2.55) in the poor-poor group. We identified an impairment in cognitive function in the poor (poor-poor and good-poor) chewing ability group. Therefore, we have confirmed that reduced mastication efficiency may contribute to a deterioration in cognitive function. People with deteriorated chewing ability must be given additional attention to aid in the prevention of cognitive decline.
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